1.
Characterization Of Indigenious Species Of Mycotoxins Producing Aspergilli
by Gull Naz | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad.
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Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Pakistan's economy is based on agriculture. Agriculture crops are harvested and stored in feed mills for production of thousands ton of feed for livestock as well as poultry through out the year. In Pakistan, July and August are hot and humid months during which moulds grow abundantly on the heaves of wheat! rice/maize straw and feed ingredients and produce variety of toxins.
Present study has been designed to explore different groups of moulds prevailing in and around Lahore city in each month of the year. Samples of soil and air were collected from ten different places of Lahore city.
A total of 240 samples were cultured on a common Saboraud's Dextrose Agar to get single colonies of each mould. These single colonies were identified by colony characters, slide cultures and biochemical tests. Mycotoxin producing Aspergilli were isolated by culturing on specified media and placing the cultures under Wood's lamp. Mycotoxin productions potential were assessed by extracting mycotoxins of these Aspergilli. Mycotoxins produced by the Aspergilli were identified and purified through Thin Layer Chromatography. These mycotoxins were then quantified through High Performance Liquid Chromatography.
The identified and purified mycotoxins can be used as standards. Reference standards are important and critical for qualitative and quantitative detection of mycotoxins in field samples screening. Presently mycotoxin is a ban item. The occurrence of toxinogenic Aspergilli have economic impact directly on livestock and poultry products export.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1217,T] (1).
2.
Detection Of Hazardous Organism In Raw And Pasteurized Milk With Particular Reference To 3Enterobacteriaceae
by Ayesha | Prof. Dr. Mansur ud Din Ahmad | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
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Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The present study was carried out to detect the hazardous organisms in raw milk from public health point of view. In total one hundred twenty (120) milk samples were collected from milk retail shops in and around Lahore. Out of these 120, one hundred samples were of raw milk and rests of the twenty samples were of pasteurized milk. Their microbiological quality was studied by performing standard plate count (SPC), coliform count and identification of hazardous bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. The micro flora of milk was also studied for the prevalence of multiple drug resistant (MDR) bacteria.
Milk supplied in Lahore city was found to have poor microbiological quality. Bacterial load was determined by SPC and coliform count. The standard plate count (S.P.C) of the raw milk ranged from 4.2x106 to 7.7xl07 c.f.u/ml. The coliform counts ranged from 3.4x 104 c.f.u /ml to 6.9x105 /ml. A total of 81 isolates were identified from raw milk samples. These included Yersinia (3 strains), Klebsiella (16 strains), Escherichia coli (14 strains), Enterobacter (11 strains), Shigella (3 strains), Salmonella (19 strains) and' Proteus (15 strains).The standard plate count for pasteurized milk ranged from 1.45x104 c.f.u/ml to 3.8x 105 c.f.u/ml. The minimum and maximum coliform count was 7.2x102 to 8.4xl03 c.f.u/ml respectively for pasteurized. All samples were outside the international standard for coliform bacteria. A total of 13 isolates were identified from pasteurized milk samples. These included Yersinia (2 strains), Klebsiella (1 strains), Escherichia coli (6 strains), Enterobacter (2 strains), Shigella (1 strains) and Proteus (1 strains).
All the isolates showed multiple drug resistance to various commonly used antibiotics in veterinary practices. Escherichia coli were resistant to all antibiotics used except Gentamicin (10µg). Enterobacter was sensitive to all the antibiotics used except to Ampicillin (10µg). Shigella was sensitive to Gentamicin (10µg), Kanamycin (30µg), Choloramphenicol( 25µg), but showed resistance to Ampicillin (10µg), Oxytetracycline ( 25µg), Streptomycin (10 µg), Pencillin (10 µg) and Tribrissin (25µg)., Salmonella was resistanct to Ampicillin (10µg), Oxytetracycline ( 25µg), Streptomycin (10 µg), Pencillin (10 µg) and Tribrissin (25µg). But sensitive to Gentamicin (10µg). .All the isolates showed greatest resistance to Penicillin (10 ug.) whereas, most of the isolates were sensitive to Gentamycin, Kanamycin and Chloramphenicol.
Finally, it is recommended that the members of the public should always boil raw milk before consumption because of their microbial content. Therefore, it is highly recommended that hygienic practices and regulations, such as on-site pasteurization and implementation of HACCP following established standards, should be introduced to facilitate the production of raw milk of high quality and safety.
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3.
Prevalence Of Multiple Drug Resistant (Mdr) Bacteria In Intestinal Infections Of Dogs
by Iffat Habib | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani.
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Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Antimicrobial resistance is a complex problem involving various bacterial species, resistance mechanisms, transfer mechanisms and reservoirs. Cats and dogs are the potential sources for spread of antimicrobial resistance in humans due to their close contact with them. The horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes through plasmids, integrons and transposons has been found to play an important role in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes. Canine antimicrobial resistant genes had been identified in bacteria isolated from human clinical infections suggesting the spread of resistance mechanisms from canine to human bacteria.
The present study has been designed to study the prevalence of multiple drug resistant strains causing enteritis in dogs. 100 Samples were collected from different Pet clinics in and around of Lahore city. These samples were cultured for identification of MDR bacteria. Antibiotic resistance profile was studied by the standard Disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer Method) for commonly used antibiotics. These MDR bacteria were isolated and identified as per standard protocols described in the Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Different combinations of antibiotics were also evaluated for in-vitro antibiotic sensitivity for an effective treatment of these cases so that the load of MDR bacteria could be reduced.
From the collected samples E. coli, Salmonella enterica, Proteus vulgaris, Citrobacter diversus and Psedomonas spp. were identified. Among all of these E.coli was most prevalent followed by Salmonella enterica, Citrobacter diversus, Proteus vulgaris and Psedomonas spp. Out of 127 E.coli isolates 52 40.94%) were declared as MDR-Bacteria following 50 Salmonella enterica isolates 17 (34.00%), 17 Citrobacter diversus 6 (35.29), 12 Proteus vulgaris isolates 06 (50%). It was concluded that MDR isolates were most sensitive to antibiotic combination (Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid), followed by (Oxytetracyclin + Tylosin), (Gentamycin + Ceftriaxone), and (Penicillin + Streptomycin). Out of 52 MDR E.coli isolates 23 (44.23%) were found to be invasive. Recommendations are made on prudent use of antimicrobial drugs in dogs, as well as on the need to develop science-based infection control programs in veterinary hospitals.
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4.
Antigenic Relatedness Of Caecal Eimeria Species In Broilers By Sds-Page
by Muhammad Tayyub | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Nisar Ahmad.
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Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Coccidiosis is caused by various species of Eimeria. Avian coccidiosis is divided in two types (intestinal and caecal). Eimeria tenella and E. necatrix cause caecal eimeriosis.E.tenella is the most pathogenic species and its infection is causing huge economic losses to poultry industry world wide. In the present study, 400 caecal samples suspected for coccidiosis were collected from two districts (Kasur and Sheikhupura). Ten samples from twenty farms of each district were collected and examined for coccidiosis and species identication. The prevalence of coccidiosis was higher (65.25%) in both districts. Coccidiosis was found more prevalent in district Kasur (66.5%) as compared to Sheikhupura (63%). Eimeria species were identified by conventional methods like Direct Microscopy, Sedimentation technique, Floatation Technique and Sporulation.. The prevalence percentage of E.tenella and E,necatrix was found 67.5% and 12.25% respectively in 400 suspected caecal samples. E.tenella was more prevalent in district Kasur (67.5%) as compared to district Sheikhupura (63%). E.necatrix was also more prevalent in district Kasur (13%) than district Sheikhupura (11.5%). Protein profiling of all E. tenella strains was performed to check antigenic related ness between different isolates of E.tenella. More tan ninety percent isolates were antigenically identical which showed that E.tenella isolates in both districts were antigenically related.
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5.
Comparative Efficiency Of Routine Identification Methods With Molecular Technique (Pcr) For Detection Of Caecal Eimeria Species in Broilers
by Muhammad Yasir | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Caecl coccidiosis is caused by Eimeria tenella and E. necatrix and poultry industry is facing huge economic losses due to this infection world wide. Eimeria tenella is the most common cause of caecal coccidiosis but E. necatrix is also isolated rarely. In the present study, 400 caecal samples suspected for coccidiosis were collected from two districts (Lahore and Gujranwala). Ten samples from twenty farms of each district were collected and examined for coccidiosis and species identication. Prevalence of coccidiosis was found 68%. It was more prevalent in district Gujranwala (71.5%) as compared to Lahore (64.5%). Eimeria species were identified by conventional (Direct Microscopy, Sedimentation technique, Floatation Technique and Sporulation) and molecular technique (PCR). Polymerase chain reaction was found the most sensitive ands accurate technique for species identification as compared to all conventional techniques. The prevalence percentage of E.tenella and E,necatrix was found 68% and 12.5% respectively. E.tenella was more prevalent in district Gujranwala (71.5%) as compared to district Lahore (64.5%). E.necatrix was also more prevalent in district Gujranwala (13.5%) than district Lahore (11.5%). The difference in percent prevalence of coccidiosis and species of Eimeria may be due to difference in farm management, farming type, biosecurity measures.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1274,T] (1).
6.
Effect Of Various Concen Trayious Of Hydrogen Pereoxide On Chemical And Microbiogical Quality Of Raw Buffalo Milk
by Muhammad Ilyas Alam | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ayaz | Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum | Dr. Imran Javed.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Milk is a complex mixture of fat, proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins and other miscellaneous constituents dispersed in water. Milk production in flush season is much more than in the normal. Milk production and supply fluctuate through out the year and during winter it is surplus to its demand. Surplus milk is available in winter due to new calving, less consumption of milk by the consumer. In winter season ample amount of green fodder is available to the animals which in turn increase the milk production.
Milk and milk products being very delicate and perishable food require special handling prior to the consumption and further treatment. Pakistan due to its harsh climatic conditions people are using different methods, for the preservation of milk. They are using different chemicals, additives and antibiotics to enhance the keeping quality of milk. Present study was planned to investigate the various concentration of hydrogen peroxide or raw buffalo milk and its effect on chemical and microbiological quality of raw buffalo milk.
Raw buffalo milk samples were collected from Dairy Animal Training and Research Centre, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi campus Pattoki Fifty samples of raw buffalo milk (100ml each) were collected to studied the nutritional composition and microbiological quality of the milk after adding the hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide of different concentration i.e. 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.075%and 0.1% were used in this study. There was no significant change in the result regarding various nutritional composition of raw buffalo milk after adding the various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. There is a slight change in the lactose % during study of 48 h storage of milk at different temperature. Statistically the change which occurred in lactose during storage is significant whereas over all decrease in Solid Not Fat is non significant
Mean value of TPC of raw buffalo milk treated with different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide storage at the three different temperatures indicated that at 10° C TPC was very less as compared to control. TPC at 30° C after 48 h was 9.83x106.Which was very less as compared to TPC of control i.e. 1.195 x107.
The effect of H2O2 on the quality of the milk is negligible as compared to the losses suffered without it. The hydrogen peroxide definitely have its effect as a preservative.. The use of preservative in milk and dairy products are not new in the countries where ambient temperature remains quite high. Our study suggests that the concentration of hydrogen peroxide to be used for the preservation of raw milk is 0.05 % to 0.1 %
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7.
Production Of Single Cell Proteins (Yeast) To Fortify Human Food
by Umar Bacha | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Dr. Aftab | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The production of single cell protein on agricultural wastes is amongst the potential non-conventional protein source for humans in protein deficient countries like Pakistan. Microorganisms in single cell protein have high protein contents and short growth times which lead to rapid biomass production. Moreover, microorganisms are able to utilize cheap sources of nitrogen and abundant carbon sources. Thus, the resulting biomass is usually economical having high potential as a supplement as well as protein fortificant to provide balanced nutrition.
The peels used for yeast biomass production study resulted in variable composition. Orange peel contained significantly highest (38.66 %) moisture content as compared to other peels. Regarding dry matter, the maximum DM (80.66 %) was present in potato peels while, crude protein contents were higher (10.13 %) in orange peels. In biomass production, the maximum growth (5.29 %) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was obtained on potato peels while, lowest growth (0.3 %) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was observed on apple peels. Both apple and potato peels nitrogen free extract were statistically non-significant.
Proximate composition of experimentally produced yeast biomass was comparable with commercial yeast. Biological evaluation of single cell protein (SCP) diet in Sprague Dawley rats was conducted and compared with casein diet to determine the SCP protein quality. The values for SCP protein quality for parameters of TD, NPU, BV, NPR, FER and PER were 93.68 %, 67.02 %, 70.56 %, 4.55 %, 3.62 % and 2.19 % respectively, which were significantly lower as compared to casein diet. Although the scores for biological parameters of SCP diet were lower as compared to casein diet, yet the differences in actual values for both the diets was not much which indicates the overall good quality of SCP protein.
SCP also showed excellent water holding capacity (303.40±0.30 %) and oil absorption capacity (196.50±0.20 %). Similarly, foaming capacity, loose bulk density and packed bulk density were observed as 10.60±0.20 %, 0.65±0.01 % and 0.66±0.01 %, respectively. It also showed good gelling capacity as 0.7 g/20mL of yeast biomass resulted in complete gelling of the solution.
Yeast was used to fortify flour at various concentrations to prepare and evaluate protein enriched sugar-snap-cookies. The cookies, thus prepared, were subjected to physical and sensory evaluation to find out the most appropriate level of SCP fortification for cookies development. The spread factor and diameter of cookies decreased while cookie thickness increased with SCP fortification. There was not much difference in most sensory scores attributed to all fortified cookies with the exception of texture and taste which deteriorated with fortification. Although taste and texture scores were less yet the cookies fortified with up to 4% of SCP were well in high acceptable limit.
In a nutshell, potato peels can serve as a good vehicle for production of single cell proteins. Experimentally produced yeast was chemically comparable with that of commercial yeast; however its growth production varies with carbohydrates present in the industrial waste peels. The overall protein quality of SCP protein was found to be very good and thus can be used in various food formulations to enhance protein quantity and quality. Cookies fortified with up to 4% SCP were found to highly acceptable and thus recommended for fortification.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1325,T] (1).
8.
Preparatuin And Evaluation Of Monospecific Anisera Against Hemagglutinin, Neuraminidase And Matrix Proteins of local Avian Influenza Strains H5 N1, H7 N3, H9 N2, for diagnostics
by Sumaira Ijaz | Dr. Atif Hanif | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Avian Infuenza is an economically important disease of poultry worldwide. It has caused losses to poultry industry on larger scale. It is important due to its zoonotic nature. Studies were carried out to raise monospecific antisera against hemagglutinin, neuraminidase and matrix antigens. HA, NA and M proteins of each of the avian influenza strains were separated on Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Poly Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS PAGE). First virus was lysed to release the proteins. Virus was lysed by using 4% Triton X 100, 1mM KCl and 0.01M Tris buffer. Then the sample was dialyzed. Sample was run on gel to purify proteins. The protein bands of appropriate molecular weight were cut and triturated in 1ml of normal saline. Material was centrifuged to remove the gel content.
Each protein was confirmed by the Bradford's Reagent. Each protein was individually mixed with Montanide ISA 50 adjuvant in 1:1 ratio to make the vaccine. Vaccine of each polypeptide of AIV strains was injected in three groups of nine birds each. One group of birds was injected with HA, second group with NA and third group with Matrix proteins of H?, H? and H?. Three groups of birds served as control. The blood samples of all birds were collected before and after inoculating vaccine. The sera of birds before and after inoculating vaccine were checked for antibodies titre against HA antigen by HI test. Antibodies against Matrix antigen were detected by Agar Gel Precipitation Test. Antibodies titre was raised after inoculating polypeptides. In case of sudden outbreaks, antisera may be helpful to control disease.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1351,T] (1).
9.
Isolation, Characterization And Pathogenesis Of Capripox Virus
by Abdul Sajid | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry | Dr. Aftab | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Goat pox is the most important pox diseases of livestock and it usually
causes huge economic losses. The economic losses occur in terms of mortality,
reduced productivity and lower quality of wool and leather. The clinical
manifestations of the disease include high temperature, lesions skin in the form of
macules, papules, vesicles, pustule and scabs on hairless areas of the body. The
disease is highly contagious having high morbidity and mortality in the infected
herds. The present study was conducted to document the prevalence of goat pox
disease in the different regions of Punjab. The study was based on clinical
manifestation of the disease in various collecting spots including slaughter houses,
cattle and hide markets and tanneries. The prevalence of goat pox at slaughter
houses in different regions was 9.93% in arid region followed by 8.69% and 7% in
southern and northern irrigated regions respectively. The prevalence of pox disease
in sheep was highest (8.54%) in the northern irrigated region, 7.69% and 6.62% in
arid and southern irrigated regions respectively.
The prevalence of pox recorded in the hide markets shows a trend of high
presence 7.29% in arid region followed by 6.22% and 3.84% in southern and
northern irrigated regions. Whereas in sheep the overall prevalence was 0.51 %,
4.44% and 1.66% in northern irrigated, arid and southern irrigated regions.
In tanneries the pox lesions were identified on the basis of method as
adopted in hide markets. The overall prevalence of pox in goat was 3.96%, 4.06%
and 4.09% while in sheep 9.58%, 2.41 % and 10% in northern irrigated, arid and
southern irrigated regions.
The overall prevalence of pox disease in goat was 5%, 5.79% and 5.34% in
Northern irrigated, arid and southern irrigated regions respectively. Where as in
sheep, pox was 3.133%, 4.11 % and 2.67% in Northern irrigated, arid and southern
irrigated regions respectively. The highest trend of incidence of disease was present
in the arid regions followed by southern and northern regions. The slaughter houses
shows high incidence of disease as compared to cattle and hide market and
tanneries. The result was significant (P<0.05) among the regions and samples
collecting spots.
A total of 100 samples consisting of 55 scabs and 45 skin tissues were
randomly selected from the different collecting spots of the three regions. The scabs
and skin tissue samples were processed on dehydrated minimum essential media
tor virus isolation. The virus was isolated on Vero cell line culture and its
characteristics were observed on the basis of specific cytopathic effects. All 55 scab
samples consisting 20 from cattle markets, 20 from slaughter house and 15 from
hide market and tannery were tested through cell culture. The cell culture positive
result for scabs was 60% cattle markets, 20% hide market and tannery and 40%
slaughter house.
All 45 skin tissue samples including 5 from cattle markets and tannery, 20
from hide market and 20 from slaughter house were subjected to virus isolation on
Vero cell line. The cell culture positive result for skin tissue samples was 100% cattle
markets, 30% hide market and tannery and 60% slaughter house. In this way the
total cell culture result for scabs and skin tissue samples from all areas become
41.82% and 51.11 % respectively.
The isolated virus was confirmed through peR. All the collected samples
were also analyzed through peR in order to compare the two techniques for disease
diagnosis. Out of 40 samples from slaughter houses 18 scabs and 15 tissues
sample were positive through peR with 82.5%. Out of 25 samples collected from
cattle markets consisting of 20 scabs and 5 skin tissues, 17 of scabs and 5 skin
tissues were positive with 92%.
Similarly a total of 35 samples out of which 15 were scabs and 20 were skin
tissues collected from hide markets and tanneries. The peR of 7 scabs and 14 skin
tissues was positive with 60%. In this way the total peR result for scabs and skin
tissue from all areas was 42% and 34% respectively.
In the 3rd study of the present project the isolated virus was inoculated in to
experimental animal to study the detail pathogenesis. The disease followed the
same pattern as in the natural outbreak. But however the routes of inoculation affect
the severity of the disease. During the study the diseased animals were periodically
slaughter at weekly interval after the appearance of 1 st clinical signs. The detailed
lesions were observed in different visceral organs and the tissues were collected
and preserved in 10% formalin. The tissues were processed for histopathology and
immunohistochemical examination. The IHC was successfully optimized for the
detection of viral antigen in the tissues of skin, lung and lymph nodes.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1372,T] (1).
10.
Monitoring Of Mixed Vegetable Salads For Microbial Quality
by Sana Hameed | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: The present research was planned to investigate the microbial load and
identification of bacteria in mixed vegetable salads from three different locations such
as road side vendors, fast food outlet and family restaurants. Total 90 samples were
collected 30 from each location. Samples collected carefully in sterilized plastic bags
and processed in microbiological lab of UV AS Lahore. The results were compared
with different food standards given by developed countries like UK.
In present study results showed that for aerobic plate count 30 samples from
road side vendors was in range of 105_ 1014, fast food outlets range of 105_ 1012 and
family restaurants range of 105_ 1013. Coliform count from road side venders was in
range of 105_ 1013, fast food outlets range of 105_1012 and family restaurants range of
105 - 1013. Fungal count from road side vendors was in range of 103_106, in fast food
out lets range of 103 - 106 and in family restaurants range of 103 - 106.
In our study from road side vendors 12 Salmonella, 24 Aeromonas, 11
Bacillus, 29 Entarobacter spp, 29 E.coli, 30 Staphylococcus aurues 29 Klebsealla spp
5 Aspergillus fumigates, 10 Aspergillus niger and 3 Aspergillus flavus have been
identified. In fast food outlets 26 Salmonella, 21 Aeromonas, 9 Bacillus, 30
Entarobacter spp, 30 E.coli, 30 Staphylococcus aurues 30 Klebsealla spp and 9
Aspergillus fumigates and 2 Aspergillus flavus have been identified. In family
restaurants 21 Salmonella, 15 Aeromonas, 9 Bacillus, 30 Entarobacter spp, 30 E. coli,
30 Staphylococcus aurues 30 Klebsealla spp 4 Aspergillus fumigates, 3 Aspergillus niger and 4 Aspergillus flavus have been identified.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1413,T] (1).
11.
Microbiological Quality Of Commercial Fruit Juices Sold In Lahore City
by Muhammad Naeem Iqbal | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Fruit juices are used for their nutritional value, thirst quenching properties and stimulating effect or for their medicinal values. Due to poor hygienic conditions during processing and packaging, fruit juices are becoming a health hazard. Many outbreaks are caused by consuming poor quality juices. Food borne infections are caused by eating food or drinking beverages contaminated with bacteria and parasites. Most of the food borne infections remains undiagnosed and unreported due to poor documentation system and failure in the implementation of law regarding food borne diseases in Pakistan. The present study was conducted to compare the quality of commercial fruit juices so as to provide data for local authorities to deal food security issue. A total of ninety packed fruit juice samples were obtained from retail shops in Lahore city. The fruit juice samples included, apple, mango and orange juices of five various brands. The pH value of the fruit juices measured using pH meter was found between 2.0 to 4.0. Bacterial load of fruit juices was assessed using Total viable count, Staphylococcal count and Coliform count to compare the quality of fruit juices.All the samples were positive for total viable count, 60 samples were positive for staphylococcus count and 30 samples ere positive for coliform count.The mean total viable count in fruit juice samples was3.70xIQ5CFU/ml (log 5.56±1.47CFU/ml)with the range from log 2.69 to log 7.67CFU/ml.Mean staphylococcal count in fruit juice samples was 1.34x 102CFU/ml (log 2.11±1.97CFU/ml) with the range from log 0.00 to log 5.62CFU/ml. Sixty out of 90 fruit juice samples showed staphylococcal counts.Mean coliform counts of 1.80xlOI CFU/ml (log 1.25±1.57CFU/ml) with the range from log 0.00 to log 5.50 CFU/ml. Thirty out of 90 fruit juice samples were positive for coliforms. Identification of bacteria was done on the basis of culture characters, microscopic characters and biochemical tests as per standard protocols described in Manual of Food Microbiology. Among the 226 bacterial isolates, Bacillus spp. were (150),Staphylococcusaureus (49)and E. coli (27), and no Salmonella were detected from the collected samples. Although fruit juices have low pH, still higher viable counts and prevalence of bacterial isolates suggest poor hygienic conditions during manufacturing procedures. Antimicrobial sensitivity profile of the isolates was studied by standard Disk diffusion method (Kirby Bauer method) for commonly used antibiotics. Among various antibiotics used, highest97.78% resistance toAzlocillinand lowest 25.22% resistance against Sulphafurazole. These findings suggest that the antibiotic resistance is transferred through fruit juices. After microbiological examination, it was cleared that fruit juices were as contaminated as compare to our country standards and hygienic conditions.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1417,T] (1).
12.
Clincal Cytogenetic Investications In Cattle & Buffalo Population Of Punjab For Chromosomal Abnormalities
by Muhammad Bilal Bin Majeed | Prof. Dr. Khalid Javed | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Dr. Ahmad Ali.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1439,T] (1).
13.
Physico-Chemical Factors Affection Survival Of Mycoplasma Gallisepticum
by Javed Muhammad | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Poultry industry is second largest industry in Pakistan. Mycoplasma gallisepticum causes chronic respiratory disease in poultry and has a great impact on economy of country. The present study was conducted to check the effect of physical factors including pH, temperature, ultra violet light (UV), atmospheric condition and sodium chloride, chemical factors including formalin and sodium hypochlorite and extracts of herbal plants including Garlic, glycyrhiza and Neem on survival of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). Referenced isolate of MG received from University Diagnostic Lab (UDL), University of Veterinary of animal Sciences, Lahore was used in Bacterial count 0.1 at optical density 450 equal to approximate 108 cfu/ml was used in the entire experiment.
Survival of MG at pH level 4.8 and 10.8 is significantly lower (p?0.05) as compared to pH level 7.8. Optimum pH was found 7.8 showing best growth while pH 10.8 indicated more lethal effect on survival of MG as compared to 10.8. Temperature study showed that MG exposed to 43°C more lethal effect on survival as compared to 31°C while showed growth occurred at 37°C. Ultra violet light (254nm) showed significant effect (P?0.05) on viability at a distance of 2, 4 and 6 centimeter which indicated that MG at 2 cm from UV light leading to death with increase in exposure time. Survival of MG was best in presence of 5 to 10% CO2 or candle jar as compared to incubate in closed container or without closed container and candle jar (open air). Sodium chloride 3 and 5 percent occupied a drastic effect on MG viability but resistance was existed up to some extant to 1 percent.
Culture of MG exposed to formalin 0.1 and 0.2 percent for 15 minutes resulted in high lethal effect significantly (p?0.05) as compared to 0.05 percent. Non significance difference (P?0.05) was present between 4 and 6 percent sodium hypochlorite in terms of effect on survival of MG and has lethal effect when exposed for 5 minute which differ significantly from 2 percent which resulted in death after exposing for 10 minutes.
Glycyrhiza and Neem indicated minimum inhibitory effect against MG with similar concentration of 6.25 mg/mL while garlic stop growth at concentration of 3.125 mg/mL.
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14.
Chemical Equivalence Of Different Brands Of Oxytertacycline Hydrochloride And Its Minimum
by Sadaf Hina | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: This project was designed to study the chemical equivalence of various brands of Oxytetracycline hydrochloride (long acting, short acting & PVP) approved by the ministry of health and available in the local market for veterinary use. Oxytetracycline was measured by HPLC method developed and standardized in the laboratory. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the Oxytetracycline by HPLC assay method were determined. From stock solution of working standard (Oxytetracycline hydrochloride) different concentrations 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 10, 25, 50 and 100µg per ml were prepared for the determination of LOD. The LOD calculated was 0.100(µg/ml) and LOQ was 0.5 (µg/ml). Correlation coefficient was 0.99994050. Concentration of the active ingredient (Oxytetracycline hydrochloride) in all preparations was same as mentioned on the label except Oxytetracycline (74%), Terrasym PVP-100 (81%), and Onyx-LA (72%).
MIC of Oxytetracycline hydrochloride against following bacterial isolates determined by micro-broth dilution test was Bacillus subtilis (50µg), Staphylococcus aureus (100µg), Eschericiha coli (50µg), Salmonella enterica (1000µg) and Pasturella multocida (50µg).It showed that all these bacterial cultures have developed resistance against Oxytetracycline hydrochloride.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1468,T] (1).
15.
Efficacy Of Commercial Disinfectants Against The Water Contaminating Bacteria At Commercial Broiler Farms
by Mian Muhammad Salman | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Pfor. Dr | Prof. Dr. Tahir Yaqub.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Water is an important constituent for poultry. Poor hygienic conditions of water are health hazard for poultry. Many outbreaks are caused by consuming poor quality water.. Fifty water samples from different broiler farms in and around Lahore were collected from drinkers in sterile containers. Bacterial load was assessed using total viable count and coliform count. The counts were above the threshold level (50cfu/ml for coliform and 100cfu/ml for total viable count) showing that water used at poultry farms was of low microbiological quality. Five Disinfectants PHMB20% (.75ml/lit, 1.5ml/lit, 3.0ml/lit), PHMB11% (1.5ml/lit, 3.0ml/lit, 6ml/lit), 0.2% chlorine dioxide (0.1ml/lit , 0.2ml/lit, 0.4ml/lit) Glutral 9.8%(1.5ml/lit, 3.0ml/lit, 6ml/lit), organic acid(1.5ml/lit, 3.0ml/lit, 6ml/lit) were used and they resulted in log reduction of TVC by PHMB20% (5.83±4.36, 6.14±3.98, 9.35± 0.68), PHMB11% (9.42±0.21), 0.2% chlorine dioxide (2.45±0.97, 3.19±0.73, 6.33±0.80 ) Glutral 9.8%(6.87±1.00, 9.73±1.00,9.73±1.00), organic acid(4.75±1.21, 6.62±1.26, 6.90±1.15).PHMB20%,PHMB11%, Glutral 9.8% and organic acid were effective at normal dose, while 0.25 chlorine dioxide was effective at normal dose against at normal dose. Log reduction in Coliform count at half, normal and double dose by PHMB20% (6.52±3.33, 6.96±2.46, 7.96±0.98), PHMB11% (7.89±1.01), 0.2% chlorine dioxide (3.65±0.73, 5.08±0.98, 6.27±0.97) Glutral 9.8%(8.48±0.99), organic acid(5.18±1.21, 5.93±1.26,6.46±1.15±) . PHMB20%, PHMB11%, 9.8% Glutral, organic acid were effective against coliform bacteria at half dose while 0.2% chlorine dioxide was effective at normal dose. Glutraldehyde was effective at normal dose amongst all disinfectants against Total viable bacteria and coli form bacteria.
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16.
Designing Of Oligo Pool All For The Selection Of Superior Dairy Animals In Pakistan
by Kamran Abbas | Prof. Dr. Masroor Ellahi Babar | Dr. Aftab | Mr. Muhammad Asif.
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Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Livestock has an important role in an agriculture based country like Pakistan with a large number of dairy animals. However the average daily milk yield of dairy animals is very low. There is need to improve milk yield by the selection of superior dairy animals using latest genomic selection procedures. Selection of superior animals on the basis of genetic markers has a tremendous potential for breed improvement across the globe. Substantial advances have been made over the past decades through the application of molecular genetics used in industry programs for several decades and is growing, the extent of use has not lived up to initial expectations. Most applications to date have been integrated in existing programs on temporary basis.
Among various molecular markers the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) is one of the major genetic marker used worldwide. Through SNP genotyping selection of phenotypic superior animals can be done. There are many techniques used for SNP genotyping but the most advanced technique is Veracode GoldenGate Assay by Illumina. Illumina's VeraCode technology with the BeadXpress (BX) Reader is ideal for high-throughput small to mid-scale genotyping studies and SNP validation. BX leverages the power of digital holographic codes and the robust GoldenGate Genotyping Assay to provide a detection method for multiplex assays requiring high precision, accuracy, and speed. A custom assay of 48, 96, 144,192 and up to 384-SNPs OPA (Oligos Pool All) is designed using Illumina's Assay Design Tool and manufactured by Illumina.
As a first step for designing of Veracode GoldenGate Assay the development of Oligo Pool All (OPA) is necessary. The OPA was designed by using the genes for milk production, growth, fertility, health and other performance traits. The SNP's in these genes was searched from different gene banks and after proper arrangement the files were sent to Illumina for scoring. After scoring the OPA was finalized for the Veracode GoldenGate Assay for the selection of superior dairy animals in the country using the highly robust BeadXpress technology. The development of OPA for the selection of superior dairy animals was done for the very first of its kind based on modern technology, Veracode GoldenGate Assay in Pakistan. This will greatly help the livestock and dairy development departments, livestock owners, breeders, forensic agencies and researchers to use this unique panel of molecular markers for the selection of superior animals on the basis of marker assisted selection.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1528,T] (1).
17.
Chemical, Microbiological And Toxicological Screening Of Tannery Effluent Wastewater
by Lubna Shakir | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Aqeel Javeed.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Over the last decade or so the chromium based tanning industry has shown rapid growth in Pakistan. However the rule and regulations promulgated by the government are not strictly followed for the processing of effluent discharged by the tanneries. Consequently tannery effluents have become a great source of water pollution in surrounding area. This project was designed to evaluate the hazardous effects of tannery effluent wastewater (TEW) through various bioassays.
During the first phase of the project, composition of the TEW samples was determined by PIXE analysis. Besides this, we have also investigated the impact of TEW on trace element content of ground water in Kasur tannery area. The ground water from shallow tubewells (100 to 300 ft) in the area has shown very high content of chromium while the ground water from the deeper tubewells (upto 600 ft) generally does not contain the toxic elements except for one outlet of the water supplied by the Muncipal Corporation. This could be due to corroded pipes in the tannery area.
Microbial load was determined during second phase of this research project by viable count method. The detected viable count was 7.5 X 104 to 3.0 X 107CFU/ml. Various strains of chromium tolerant bacilli were isolated and they were found tolerant up to 2600 µg/ml supplemented chromium sulphate.
During the third phase of this research plan, dilutions of TEW were evaluated for their effects on angiogenesis using CAM assay. TEWD1 and potassium dichromate were found highly anti-angiogenic. Moreover, dilutions of TEW and potassium dichromate have demonstrated significant toxicity when assessed through marine shrimps mortality assay and phytotoxiciy assasy.
Chronic toxicity study on Wistar rats was conducted in the last phase. Chronic exposure of TEW for three months to rats leads to the development of various lesions in lung, liver, kidney and heart of rats.
In short, TEW and contaminated ground water of Kasur is imposing a great threat not only to local inhabitants of the city but also to the population of far distance.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1531,T] (1).
18.
Determination of in Vitro Antimicrobial Effecacy of Plant Extracts and Antibiotics Against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (Mrsa) Isolated from Postoperative Wounds of Hospitalized Patients.
by Muhmmad Qamar Zeshan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Background
Nosocomial infection is a worldwide problem causing high number of deaths. The major causative agent of infection is methicillin resistant Staphylococs aureus (MRSA). Surgical site infections in orthopedic surgery (SSIS) are mainly (48%) caused by Staph. aureus, out of which 68% are MRSA and causes a number of deaths annually.
Hypothesis
As medicinal plants like (Opuntia delinii, Acacia nilotica and Alo vera) have the anti bacterial activity, So these plants may be effective against methicillin resistant Staphylococs aureus (MRSA) And antibiotic like (Moxifloxacillin, Cefipime and Imipenem/Cilastatin and Ampicillin+Cloxacillin) selected in this study have antibacterial activity against gram positive bacteria so may these have effectiveness against methicillin resistant Staphylococs aureus (MRSA).
Material and method
In this study MRSA isolated from the post operative wounds of one hundred hospitalized patients from three hospitals (Mayo Hospital, Services Institute of Medical Sciences and Jinnah Hospital) of Lahore. The isolates obtained from the wound identified as MRSA by cultural and biochemical characteristics. Methicillin resistant Staphylococs aureus strains are resistant to many antibiotics even vancomycin. In the present study the efficacy of three medicinal plants (Opuntia delinii, Acacia nilotica and Alo vera) studied against MRSA using extracts of the plants. The extracts also further used to determine MICs against methicillin resistant Staphylococs aureus isolated strains. MICs of four antibiotics and their combinations commonly used for treatment of post operative wounds like Moxifloxacin, Cefipime, Imipenem/Cilastatin and Ampicillin+Cloxacillin determined using Linezolid and Vancomycin as standards by micro dilution method in vitro.
Statistical Design
The data collected analyzed using SPSS version13.0X soft ware.
Outcome
The prevalence of MRSA found in different hospitals as under 72.5% in case of Mayo, 63.33% in case of Services Hospital and 66.66% in case of Jinnah hospital Lahore. The highest percentage found in Mayo hospital and lowest was observed in case of services hospital.
MIC results found in this study indicate that Acacia nilotica and Alo vera contain antibacterial agents which showed the good results against MRSA while Opuntia dileinii showed not promising results against MRSA and high MICs found put a question mark on its efficacy. Average MICs found in case of acacia leaves and bark are as 84 (µg)/ml and 62.5 (µg)/ml respectively. Average MIC observed in case of Aloe vera is 32.25 (µg)/ml. The highest MIC value calculated in case of Opuntia dillenii is 1228 (µg)/ml.
Antibiotics like Moxifloxacin and Imipenem/Cilastatin showed the good results and the average MICs value found 2.681 And 2.85 respectively closely resembles to the MICs of stander drugs e.i vancomycin and linezolid caluculated as 1.61 and 2.43. Cefipime showed the less activity against MRSA with the average MIC 57.81.The synergistic effects of Ampicillin+Cloxacillin was not so good as compared to the stander drugs and combination of ampicillin and cloxacillin exhibit the average MIC as 11.87.
The lowest MIC in of plants extracts observed in case of Aloe vera and highest found in case of Opuntia dillenii.
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19.
Carrier Status Of Foot And Mouth Disease In Ruminants Through Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain
by Muhammad Usman | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmed | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Hassan Mushtaq.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is highly infectious disease of cattle, buffalo, sheep and goats. It is caused by genus Aphthovirus of Picornaviradae family. FMDV is RNA virus having seven serotypes A, O, C, Asia 1, SAT1, SAT2 and SAT3.
Serotypes A, O, C and Asia1 are endemic in Pakistan and causes high economic losses to livestock industry .So priority is to apply quick and efficient methods for detection of FMDV infection and to limit the spread of outbreaks of the disease. Although CFT, VNT and ELISA are already being used for the diagnosis of FMDV in Pakistan but these diagnostic techniques are time consuming and their specificity and sensitivity is low. RT-PCR for the identification of FMDV is very much sensitive and specific, can be done within three hours after receiving of samples to the laboratory.
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) in adult sheep and goats is frequently mild or unapparent, but can cause high mortality in young animals. The outbreaks of FMD in 1999 in Morocco, in 2001 in the United Kingdom & in 2007 in Cyprus has highlighted the importance of sheep in the epidemiology of the disease, although there have been numerous examples in the past where small ruminants have been responsible for the introduction of FMD into previously disease-free countries. The difficulty in making a clinical diagnosis should encourage the development of more rapid screening tests to assist in future control programs.
In Pakistan, no study has been conducted to depict the role of small ruminants in the epidemiology and transmission of FMD virus to the large ruminants. Keeping in view this neglected area of research, present study is planned to apply the sensitive and economical RT-PCR technique for the rapid detection of carrier status of FMD virus in ruminants; and to highlight the importance and need of vaccination to small ruminants against FMD virus in order to control outbreaks of the disease and transmission to the large ruminants population.
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20.
In Process Quality Control Factors Affecting Potency Of Inactivated Black Quarter Vaccine
by Kashif Hanif | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Black quarter (BQ) is a majorbacterial disease of cattle and buffalocharacterized by loss of appetite, lameness, depression, fever, swelling of the skeletal muscles, crepitating sounds followed by sudden death without any clear signs of disease. It results in irrecoverable economic losses. The disease prevails in all provinces of Pakistan especially in District Dera Ismail Khan,Cholistan and Chakwal etc. Morbidity losses comprise of losses due to reduced milk production, work hindrance, treatment charges etc. The survey revealed that 15.91% losses were due to morbidity and 84.09% losses occurred due to mortality caused by black quarter in cattle and buffalo.
Reliable diagnosis, mass scale vaccination and clamping strict bio-security measures are the only ways to control the disease.The present study was aimed to optimize the PCR for prompt and reliable diagnosis of BQ and to evaluate the inactivated whole culture vaccine with variable biological titer to induce protective immune response in calves. The comparative antibody response of animals to adjuvanted (Aluminium hydroxide gel & Montanide ISA 70) and non adjuvanted vaccine and duration of immunity was also studied. Effect of boosting on the humoral immune response of animals as well as shelf life of various vaccines was also evaluated. All of the vaccines were inoculated in a group of four animals. Serum samples were collected at specified time intervals and antibody levels were detected through antihemolytic units.
The PCR was optimized for diagnosis of C. chauvoei in clinical specimens from infected carcasses. Study of factors (temperature, media composition, pH, incubation time and anaerobic agents)for biomass production of bacteria and its hemolytic toxins revealed that certain growth parameters can be improved to enhance the bacterial growth and its hemolytic toxins. Like use of RCM medium for vaccine production enhances the growth of C. chauvoei and its toxins under in vitro conditions. Supplementation of nitrogen gas in culture medium can enhance the bacterial growth and hemolysin. Proper incubation time, temperature and pH can be very helpful factors for the growth and biomass production of C. chauvoei under in vitro conditions. Finally, biomass production of the organism using manual biofermentor is a very cheap and cost effective method for concentrated vaccine production in our country where commercial biofermentor cannot be afforded. So by using these techniques we can make more no. of vaccine doses from less quantity of bacterial culture. It will also help us in developing bivalent, trivalent or multivalent vaccine.
Study of in process quality control factors (bacterial biomass and toxins) production and "in process quality control" factors (biological titer, bacterial count, hemolytic units, adjuvants and storage time) that affect antibody response of vaccinatesrevealed that vaccine with 250 HU / dose showed relatively similar antibody titer in calves as the vaccine with 500 HU or 750 HU per dose. So this can be helpful to produce more doses of vaccine with same culture. The Montanide ISA 70 gave best result for development of good and prolonged immunity but gel based vaccine also produce satisfactory results.So in future oil based vaccine may be used to attain long term and effective immunity. Effect of priming and boosting revealed that boosting give better results as compared to primed group by producing prolonged immunity. The results were very encouraging. Effect of storage showed that the quality of immunogen was not affectedwith the passage of time if the vaccine is properly stored at 4 °C upto three months.
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21.
Prevalence Of Salmonella And Campylobacter Contamination In Poultry Eggs
by Hassaan Bin Aslam | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Provision of adequate food to their inhabitants and assure an atmosphere free from hunger and malnutrition is the responsibility of a civilized government. The food security objective becomes more important when 15-20% of the world population is not getting sufficient food to meet minimum nutritional requirements for a healthy and productive life. Proteins play an important role in the formation of balanced human diet. There are mainly two sources of proteins i.e. animals and plants. Commercial egg production is an important economic enterprise offering more rapid and efficient return than many other livestock production operations. In 1999-2000, 13.9 million commercial layers in Pakistan produced 3,261 million eggs contributing 27% eggs to the total egg production of 8677 million eggs.
The incidence of food borne diseases is increasing globally. Many cases of food borne illness occur as a result of improper food handling and preparation by consumers in their own kitchens. Some of the most compelling evidences have come from the international data on Salmonella and Campylobacter species infections. Food-producing animals (e.g., cattle, chickens and turkeys) are the major reservoirs for many of these organisms. A total of 500 raw chicken eggs were bought from different retail outlets in Lahore city for determining the prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter inside and on the egg shell and enumeration of their load. Samples were graded as clean, trace, dirty and cracked. All samples were processed inside the safety cabinet. Eggs were broken from narrow end and contents were drained in the petri plate. Egg shell and egg shell membrane was processed by shell crush method in a tube in the presence of phosphate buffer saline. Sample from egg yolk and albumin was taken by direct aspiration while egg shell rinse was taken as a sample for Salmonella and Campylobacter. Isolation is done by enrichment method for this purpose selenite broth and buffered peptone water is used for Salmonella and campylobacter, respectively. The enriched sample was then plated on the Brilliant Green Plate selective for Salmonella and Campy Cefex Agar plate that is selective for Campylobacter. Thirteen samples out of 500 hundred samples were positive for presence Salmonella with over all prevalence of 2.6%. Highest percent prevalence was found in cracked eggs where it is 33.3% followed by dirty and clean eggs (0.9%) and trace eggs with zero prevalence. Colony forming units of Salmonella on the shell of one positive sample is 4.2x102 while CFUs in egg yolk of cracked egg was 7.0x102. Regarding Campylobacter five eggs out of 500 eggs were positive with overall prevalence of 1%. The highest prevalence was found in cracked eggs where it was 16.6% and dirty eggs having prevalence of 12.5%. Both clean and trace eggs were having zero prevalence. CFUs for Campylobacter were too low to count while majority of samples were observed negative for viable CFUs for Campylobacter.
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22.
Evaluation Of Cytotoxicity And Antiviral Activity Of Moxidectin Against Influenza Virus H9
by Rabia Hameed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aftab anjum | Mr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1665,T] (1).
23.
Epidemiology, Zoonotic Potential, Molecular Diagnosis And Chemotherapy Of Cryptosporidiosisin Bovine
by Sabiqaa Masood | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Aftab | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Choudhry.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Cryptosporidiosis is an important parasitic infection of cattle, buffaloes, goats, sheep, horses, cats, human beings and other vertebrates. Prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis in selected animals and human beings carried out on the basis of microscopic examination and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Percent prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis determined on the basis of conventional identification method was highest in calves (23.1) followed by cattle (10.5) and buffaloes (8.47). Percent prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis in calves, cattle and buffaloes was higher at Government dairy farm (38.33, 20.55 and 16.66) followed by Gawala colonies (26.1, 12.77 and 9.44), Military dairy farm (18.3, 6.11 and 4.44) and then House hold dairies (10, 3.88 and 3.34). Percent prevalence recorded in calves having age less than six months was higher (26.45) than those with 7-12 months of age (16.6). Percent prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis in cattle having age of 2-3 years was higher than those cattle having 3-7 years of age. Similarly, infection rate was higher in buffaloes with 2-3 years age (11.8) than 3-7 years (9.8). Cryptosporidiosis percent prevalence recorded in female calves was higher (24.04) than male calves (18.2). Percent prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts observed in feces of male cattle was little higher (11.25) than female cattle (10.4). Cryptosporidiosis percent prevalence recorded in female buffaloes was higher (13.3) than male buffaloes (8.3).
The data was analyzed monthly for the purpose to trace out the specific period of the year having the highest prevalence rate of Cryptosporidium infection. The highest percent prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis recorded in fecal samples of calves was during summer (27.5) followed by autumn (25.8), spring (20.3) and the lowest in winter season (14.5). Overall the highest percent prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis in cattle recorded was during summer (15), followed by spring/autumn (10.88) and the lowest in winter (6.6%). The highest percent prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis recorded in buffaloes was during summer (12) followed by autumn (20), spring (7.5) and the lowest in winter season (4.5). In human beings patients suffering from diarrhea were examined by microscopy and percent prevalence calculated was 40 in present study.
Molecular percent prevalence rate determined was 12.22 in cattle. Percent prevalence recorded using PCR was the highest at Government dairy farm (22.7), followed by Gawala colonies (14.41), Military dairy farm (7.7) and the lowest at House hold dairies (5). The highest season wise percent molecular prevalence was observed during summer (16.6) followed by autumn/spring (13.3), the lowest in winter (7.7). The higher molecular percent prevalence in young cattle (2-3 years) was higher (23.7) than those having age between 3-7 years (10.7). Molecular percent prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis in selected cattle was lower in females (13.6) than males (15).
The efficacy of albendazole observed was 43.05, 58.7 and 64.6 percents on 13th, 20th and 27th day post treatment. The efficacy of albendazole determined on this dose was 34.8, 57.1 and 62.9 percents on days 13, 20 and 27 post therapy. Efficacy of drug calculated on days 13, 20 and 27 was 32.8, 53.3 and 56.6 percent, respectively. Percent efficacy of used drug was 55.04, 68.5 and 79.4 on days 13, 20 and 27 post treatment, respectively. At 50mg/kg body weight dose rate of paromomycin significant decrease in OPG count was recorded from 6th day post treatment and onward (P<0.05). On days 13, 20 and 27 percent efficacy of used drug determined was 48.1, 65 and 69, respectively.
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24.
Isolation And Characterization Of Phytase Producing Microrganism From Soil
by Ghazal Aziz | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Tahir Yaqub.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Phytase is an enzyme of great importance because it is added as a biofertilizer to soil and added in animal feed to increase the uptake of inorganic phosphorous. Phytase production is the property of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) that harbor in rhizosphere part of the soil. These phytase producing bacteria can be utilized as biofertilizers as and can increase the soil fertility and crop production.
Soil samples were collected and screened for the production of phytase (an extracellular) enzyme on phytase screening media (PSM). Six bacterial isolates (PHY02, PHY03, PHY06, PHY07, PHY12, and PHY30) showed distinguished clear zones (> 6mm) on PSM. Isolates were identified as Lactobacillus casei PHY02, Enterobactor intermedius PHY03, Bacillus badius PHY06, Escherichia coli PHY07, Shigella sonnei PHY12, and Klebsiella pneumonia PHY30.
Effect of physical parameters (temperatures, pH and osmotic pressure) on growth and enzyme production by selected isolates was determined. Optimum growth and production of phytae by PHY02, PHY03, PHY06, PHY07, PHY12, and PHY30 (27, 9, 19, 40, 32, and 19 IU, respectively) was at 37°C. PHY07 showed highest enzyme production, followed by PHY30 and PHY02. Isolate PHY06 showed similar growth and enzyme activity at 37°C and 42°C but it was significantly reduced at low temperature. Effect of pH on phytase production on selected isolates indicates that all isolates produces maximum amount of phytase at pH 6.5. At pH 6.5 enzyme units released by PHY02, PHY03, PHY06, PHY07,
PHY12, and PHY30, were 26, 15, 19, 41, 19, and 32 IU, respectively. Production of enzyme decreased with the increase in osmotic pressure. PHY02, PHY03, PHY06, PHY07, PHY12, and PHY30 showed optimum enzyme production (27, 15, 17, 41, 18, and 32 IU, respectively) at 1 % NaCl in PSM (Figure 1C).
Effects of carbon source on both growth and phytase production of isolates showed that PHY03, PHY06, PHY07, PHY12 had significantly higher (P<0.05) cell densities and enzyme production in glucose, while PHY02 and PHY30 had higher enzyme activity at 0.3% lactose.
Nitrogen source in growing media also effects the growth and production of enzyme. PHY02 and PHY12 had better growth and production at 0.1% peptone, while PHY07 and PHY30 had significantly higher phytase level in media modified with peptone but at higher concentration (0.3%). Addition of tryptone in growth medium significantly enhanced the growth and enzyme production by PHY03, and PHY06.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1685,T] (1).
25.
Toxinotyping And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Of Enterotoxigenic Clostridium Perfringens Isolates From Muttion, Beef and Poultry Meat
by Madiha Khan | Dr. Jawad Nazir | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
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not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: A total of 300 meat samples including chicken, mutton, and beef (100 each) collected from local butcher shops as well as large meat outlets and grocery stores situated in various localities of Lahore were analyzed to determine the level of C. perfringens contamination. The samples were enriched in Fluid Thioglycollate Medium (FTM), purified on Tryptose Sulfite Cycloserine (TSC) agar that is highly selective media for C. perfringens and were identified by their culture characters, morphology and biochemical profile. C. perfringens was successfully isolated from 12 out of 300 samples with an overall positivity ratio of 4 %. A relatively higher percent prevalence of the C. perfringens was found in meat from local butcher shops (6.66 %) in comparison to the ones collected from the larger meat outlets (1.33 %) where meat is supplied under cold chain management system. Within each meat type a total of 6, 5, and 1 of the samples from chicken, mutton, and beef meat, respectively were found positive for the presence of C. perfringens.
Toxinotyping of the positive isolates was performed using commercially available alpha, beta, and epsilon toxins detection ELISA kits. Out of 12 confirmed isolates of C. perfringens only six were found positive for the production of various toxins. Three of the isolates produced alpha toxin and were grouped as type A, one of the isolate produced alpha, beta and epsilon toxin therefore confirmed as type B, one of the isolates produced alpha and beta toxin so belong to type C whereas one of the isolate produced alpha and epsilon toxin so it was grouped as type D while six of the isolates did not produce any toxin.
The toxin producing isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing against 13 antibiotics commonly employed to treat the foodborne infections. It was observed that most of the antibiotics were effective against C. perfringens exhibiting a wider zone of inhibition around the antibiotic discs. All the six isolates were susceptible to the chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, and ceftriaxone. Five out of six isolates were susceptible whereas one of the isolate was classified as intermediate against tetracycline, lincomycin, and cefotaxime. Five isolates were sensitive and one was resistant to erythromycin. Four isolates were susceptible to penicillin and one each was intermediate and resistant to the antibiotic. All of the other drugs were relatively less effective with a least activity of amoxicillin against the isolates.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1686,T] (1).
26.
Evaluation Of Cytotoxicity And Antiviral Activity Of Ivermectin Against Newcastle Disease Virus
by Sidra Azeem | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Mr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1691,T] (1).
27.
Antibody Response Of Buffalo Calves To Oil Based Multivalent (Pasteurella Multocida, Clostridium Chauvoei And FMD Virus "O' "A" and "Asia1") Vaccine
by Muhammad Farooq | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Microbial diseases are one of the constraints for further development of dairy industry as a profitable enterprise. The diseases are causing heavy economic losses to the industry. The diseases such as Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Hemorrhagic Septicemia (HS), Black Quarter (BQ),etc., are endemic in Pakistan and perpetuate among the dairy animals. These diseases can be effectively controlled by vaccination.
FMD virus "O", "A" and "Asia 1" were grown on BHK-21 and were inactivated with BEI. Culture of P. multocida and Cl. chauvoeiwere grown on CSY and RCM media, respectively and inactivated with formalin. The vaccine containing 0.2 x 107 units of TCID50of each serotype of FMD virus ("O", "A" and "Asia1"), 2 mg of Pasteurella multocida and 250 Hemolytic units of Clostridium chauvoei per dose were prepared. Oil adjuvanted vaccines of HS, HS + BQ, HS + FMD ("O", "A" and "Asia 1"), BQ, BQ+ FMD ("O", "A" and "Asia 1"), FMD ("O", "A" and "Asia 1") and HS + BQ + FMD ("O", "A" and "Asia 1") were prepared and injected into the buffalo calves in 7 group of 3(n=3) animals each separately at Living Dairies, Chunian. 8th group of three animals was kept as negative control. Antibody response against FMD virus, Cl. chauvoei and P. multocida were measured by CFT, Anti hemolytic Assay and IHA, respectively at day 0, 30, 60 and 90 post vaccinations. Two groups (n=3) of calves vaccinated with whole culture FMD vaccine and NSP free FMD vaccine. Data was analyzed by one way ANOVA procedure and significance was determined by Duncan Multiple Range Test through SPSS version 13.
The vaccine when injected in buffalo calves induced Log22.00±1.00units of anti FMD "O" CFT antibody titer, Log22.22±1.00 units of anti FMD "A" CFT antibody titer, Log22.22±0.84 units of anti FMD "Asia 1" CFT antibody titer; Log22.99±0.58 units of Indirect Haemagglutinating (IHA) units of antibody against Pasteurella multocida and Log25.44±1.02, Anti Hemolytic Units (AHU) of the antibodies against hemolytic toxins of Clostridium chauvoei. There was no significant difference among the titers of FMDV "O", "A" and "Asia 1"; Pasteurella multocida and Clostridium chauvoei whether used in monovalent or in multivalent.In present study anti-NSP-FMD virus ELISA antibodies in the animals vaccinated with FMD (whole culture) vaccine were undetectable on 15 days post priming while detectable on 30 and 45 days post priming. However anti-NSP-FMD virus ELISA antibodies in the animals vaccinated with FMD (NSP free) vaccine were undetectable on 15, 30 and 45 days post priming. Moreover these antibodies were detectable in FMD carrier animals on 15 days post recovery.Cellular pellet of Pasteurella multocida, Clostridium chauvoei can be used to further minimizing the volume of culture required and further Brucella abortis vaccine can be added in it in conjunction with FMD. This will revolutionize the field of vaccination in Pakistan.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1732,T] (1).
28.
Prevalence Of Defferent Developmental Stages Of Aedes Mosquitoes And Their Role In Transmission Of Dengue
by Sabila Afzal | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Aftab A | Dr. Muhammad Latif.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1735,T] (1).
29.
Immunobiological And Molecular Characterization Of Pasteurella Multocida From Buffaloes
by Muhammad Kamran | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr. Azhar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Hemorrhagic septicemia is an acute bacterial disease of buffaloes and cattle caused by Pasteurella multocida. In the present study, 400 samples (200 from carriers and 200 from sick animals) from Sargodha division were collected. Among four districts of the division, 15 samples were positive by API Kit, 13 by conventional biochemical tests and eleven were found positive for P. multocida through serological and molecular characterization. Biochemical profile index obtained with API kits had lesser accuracy than conventional and serological profiles for the identification of P. multocida. Passive mouse protection test and AGPT were used for serological confirmation. Different molecular techniques like SDS-PAGE, PCR and RFLP were used to investigate variation at the molecular level in field and vaccinal strains. There were no significant variation between field isolates and vaccinal strain in sick animals and carriers, or in isolates of different districts. Five major and three minor polypeptide bands were observed by SDS-PAGE. Genetic relatedness among the isolates was assessed by cluster analysis using Fingerprint Analysis of Missing Data (FAMD) of 12 isolates. The12 isolates clustered into 5 groups namely I, II, III, IV and V. Group I and II consisted of only one isolate in each (8.33%) of the total designated BKC-01 (S5) and KBO-01 (S1), respectively. Group III composed of 2 isolates (16.67%) namely KBC-02 (S4) and MNO-01 (S2). Group IV had the highest numbers of isolates (50%) designated as KBC-02 (S3), MNO-01 (S6), BKO-02 (S7), MNC-02 (S8), SGO-02 (S9) and V. Only two isolates were typed in group V (16.67%) named as SGO-01 (S10) and BKO-01 (S11).
The size of amplified gene was 460 bp. HindIII I endonuclease cleaved bacterial genome at four sites as compared to other four enzymes (DNase1, PstlI, EcorI and BamHI) change the writing of these enzymes which cleaved at two sites. The isolates were also subjected to ten routinely used antibiotics for sensitivity testing and found enrofloxacin as drug of choice with 90.91% sensitivity, followed by gentamycine, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacine and norfloxacine (72.73%), ampicillin and amoxycillin (45.45%), amikacin (36.36%) and lowest to sulfadiazine and erythromycine (18.18%).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1767,T] (1).
30.
Chemical Characterizaton And Toxicological Screening Of Auto-Rickshaw Emissions Particulate
by Khaleeq Anwar | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Aqeel Javeed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Vehicular air pollution is a mounting health issue of the modern age, particularly in urban populations of the developing nations. Auto rickshaws are not considered eco-friendly as to their inefficient engines producing large amount of particulate matter (PM), which poses a significant environmental threat.
Major transformations in the environmental composition are principally attributable to the combustion of fuels by automobiles. Motorized gasoline powered two-stroke auto-rickshaws (TSA) and CNG powered four-stroke auto-rickshaws (FSA)are major sources of air pollution in south Asia and produce toxic amount of PM to the environment. In this study, during the first phase, the PM of TSA and FSA was characterized by using proton induced x-ray emission (PIXE) analysis. The observations of the existing investigation recognized significant increase in Al (P < 0.05), P (P < 0.01), and Zn (P < 0.01) from the PM samples of FSA. In addition, the concentrations of Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Mg, Na, S and Si were also observed exceeding the recommended NIES limits. On the contrary, increased concentration of Sr and V were observed in the PM samples from TSA. It is generally believed that FSA generates smaller amount of PM but the data obtained from this study clearly shows that emissions from FSA are comprised of potentially more toxic substances than TSA. The current research is specific to the metropolitan population and has evidently revealed an inconsistent burden of exposure to air pollutants engendered by FSA in urban communities, which could lead to disruption of several biological activities and may cause severe damage to entire ecological system.
The second phase of this study was conducted to ascertain toxic effects on angiogenesis, embryo development, embryonic movement and phytotoxicity of the PM from TSA and CNG powered FSA. Based on high amounts of aluminum quantified during PIXE analysis of PM from TSA and FSA, different concentrations of aluminum sulfate were also tested to determine its eco-toxicological potential. The PM solution from FSA, TSA and Aluminum sulfate exhibited anti-angiogenic potential with reduction in total area of CAM. Morphological evaluation of embryos exhibited varying degrees of hemorrhages in different groups. In case of phytotoxicity screening using Zea mays, the results demonstrated that all three tested materials were equally phytotoxic at higher concentrations in seed germination(p<0.001). Aluminum sulfate proved to be a highly phytotoxic agent even at the lowest concentration examined.
During the last phase, of the study, the MTT assay demonstrated a significant (p<0.001) dose dependent cytotoxic effect for TSA, FSA and aluminum sulfate on the BHK-21 cell line, establishing that the PM from FSA is a highly cytotoxic material. Mutagenicity was assessed by fluctuation Salmonella reverse mutation assay adopting TA100 and TA98 mutant strains with (+S9) and without (-S9) metabolic activation. Despite the fact that different concentrations of PM from both sources i.e. TSA and FSA were highly mutagenic (p<0.001) even at lower concentrations, the mutagenic index was higher in TSA. The chronic toxicity study revealed that chronic exposure to PM emitted from FSA and TSA resulted in peribrochiolitis, emphesema and infilteration of leukocytes in lung tissues. On the other hand liver, cardiac and kidney tissues exhibited degeneration and necrosis. The data shows that all tested materials are equally ecotoxicand if the existing trend of atmospheric pollution by auto-rickshaws is continued, air-borne metals/heavy metals will seriously affect the normal growth of local inhabitants and increased contamination of agricultural products, which will amplify the dietary intake of toxic element and could result in genetic mutation or long-term health implications.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1795,T] (1).
31.
Molecular Charaterization Of Ampk Gene Of Pakistan Buffalo
by Waqas Ahmed Khan | Prof. Dr. Masroor Ellahi Babar | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Ali Raza Awan.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Pakistan is an agriculture country and its economy is mainly dependent on agriculture, agriculture products. Livestock has been playing an important role in the economy of the country. Livestock sector contributed approximately 51.8 percent of the agriculture value added and 11.3 percent to national GDP. Buffalo which is known as black gold of Pakistan is famous for its largest milk production in the world. A better understanding of the genetic control of energy metabolism in farm animals can have far-reaching implications for molecular breeding programs. It can allow the implementation of knowledge-based breeding to increase feed efficiency and to improve meat quality. In addition, because of the high degree of evolutionary conservation of these genes, the information gained about the genetic control of animal nutrition can be extrapolated back to questions about human nutritional genomics and disease. This study was performed to discover the single nucleotide polymorphism at AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) gene in Nilli Ravi and Kundi Buffalo and their possible association with milk production. As AMPK is a sensor of energy metabolism so genetic variations in AMPK gene may also have effect the feed utilizing efficiency of animals. Buffalo is popular for utilizing low quality roughages in a better way. Buffaloes are popular in the world for high fat content and low cholesterol content as compare to cattle. A total of 128 single nucleotide polymorphisms were discovered at AMPK gene in Nilli-Ravi and Kundi Buffalo. Out of which 10 are in exonic region and 118 are in Intronic region. Most of the SNPs are Intronic it also shows that AMPK is highly conserved as it has been shown by many studies. The Intronic SNPs may have role in regulation of AMPK gene. Forty-six SNPs were discovered in Intronic region of A1 subunit of AMPK gene. Out of these 46 SNPs. Forty-four SNPs are same in both Nilli-Ravi&Kundi buffalo.
Two SNPs found at position 11908 and 12217 was present only in Kundi buffalo. These two SNPs can be used for breed characterization of Nilli-Ravi&Kundi buffalo. The numbers of SNPs discovered in exonic region are 6. These all SNPs are non-synonymous mutations and changes amino acids at position 23333 from Histidine>Tyrosine, at 23387 from Glutamic acid>Lysine, at 23402 from Valine>Isoleucine, at 23426 from Ser>Pro, at 23489 from Stop codon>Arg and at 23612 from Ala>Thr. Forty SNPs were discovered in Intronic region of A2 subunit of AMPK gene. Out of these 43 SNPs 28 are same in both Nilli-Ravi & Kundi buffalo. SNPs at positions 71371, 71382, 71383, 71396, 71558, 42736, 42766, 42881, 41661, 41900 and 42021 are only present in Kundi buffalo while SNPs at position 70900, 71613, 42935 and 42944 are present only in Nilli-Ravi buffalo. These SNPs can also be used for breed characterization of Nilli-Ravi and Kundi buffalo. The B1 subunit of AMPK gene has 21 SNPs in Intronic region, which is common, both in Nilli-Ravi and Kundi buffalo. These polymorphisms may have role in regulation of AMPK gene. The SNPs found in exonic region are 3 which are all non-synonymous mutations and changes amino acids at position 4362 from Histidine>Tyrosine and at positions 8193, 8195 from Glycine>Serine. All exonic SNPs are non-synonymous mutations, which show that it will change the function of protein and might be associated with milk production and feeding efficiency in Nilli-Ravi & Kundi buffalo. This study is an example of candidate gene approach to find some novel variations at population level. It is the first study conducted for Molecular Characterization of AMPK gene in Buffalo. The only way to associate these polymorphisms to the trait under consideration (energy metabolism) by back tracing the sampling groups. This study is first in finding some molecular markers for energy metabolism in Nilli-Ravi and Kundi buffalo that can be used for future selection and breeding programs. More the population will be diversified for the trait and showing trends of heterozygosity, better will be the chances of selection of animals with suitable genetic makeup.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1796,T] (1).
32.
Comparative Efficacy Of Different Diagnostic Techniques For Ovine Haemonchosis Through Faecal
by Sadaf Anwar | Dr. Muhammad Lateef | Dr. Aftab | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Livestock plays pivotal role in the economy of country and small ruminants are the major source of food products for human. Haemonchus contortus is the most significant parasite of small ruminants and cause heavy production losses by causing reduction in meat and wool production. The parasite directly affects the health of an animal and causes anemia, hemorrhages, anorexia, weight loss and death of affected animal.
This study was designed to diagnose the Haemonchosis in sheep in and around Lahore. The accurate diagnoses of the parasite are important for its control and treatment. Direct smear, floatation technique and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) were applied to check the sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing Haemonchosis in sheep. For this purpose 100 faecal samples were collected randomly from different areas of Lahore. Each faecal sample was examined by direct smear method and floatation technique. Out of 100 faecal samples 44 were microscopically positive. 30 by direct smear method and 44 by floatation technique.
Specific primers were designed to diagnose Haemonchosis in sheep by using ITS-2 Region. 44 microscopically positive samples were confirmed by PCR. 29 (66%) samples were found to be PCR-positive and 15 (34%) were found to be PCR-negative.
Several other species of parasites were also found during microscopic examination of faecal samples. Two samples wetre found positive for coccidial oocyst and seven samples were also positive for other nematodes along with Haemonchus spp.
Flotation technique was found to be superior in diagnosis of Haemonchosis as compared to direct smear.
Conclusion:
From current study it is concluded that Haemonchosis is widely prevalent in ovines. Its accurate diagnosis is essential for the treatment of infectious diseases and control of this parasite. Molecular technique has the advantage over conventional diagnostic techniques because PCR is more specific than conventional methods of diagnosis. According to the present study by conventional method there is 34% error chances to diagnose other Trichstrongylid eggs as Haemochus spp. The main advantage of using PCR as diagnostic test, are an increased speed of diagnosting the disease and its capability to notice low worm burden in small volume of faeces from individual animals.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1809,T] (1).
33.
Vectorial Role Of Anopheles Subpictus By Using Poymerase Chain Reaction
by Shumaila Kausar | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Haroon Akber.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Vector-borne diseases are among the major causes of illness, death and economic losses particularly in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Mosquitoes are most important single group of insects, transmitting wide range of human diseases like malaria, Japanese encephalitis, dengue fever, yellow fever, filariasis and several other infectious diseases. Malaria is a major global public health problem. Several Anopheline species are prevalent in Pakistan among which Anopheles stephensi and Anopheles culicifacies are confirmed vector of Plasmodium. An. subpictus is a confirmed secondary vector of malaria in many countries. A wide range of this species is also distributed in Pakistan. The aim of the present study was to determine the vectorial role of An. subpictus in the transmission of malaria in Pakistan through microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
After species identification, the mosquitoes were examined microscopically and were found negative for the presence of human Plasmodium sporozoites. The DNA extracted from An. subpictus was subjected to PCR but no Plasmodium specific amplification was observed. Keeping in view the sample size, it was concluded that further study is required with even large sample size before declaring that An. subpictus is not a vector of Plasmodium in Pakistan.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1811,T] (1).
34.
Reversal Of Antibiotics Resistance In Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus By Non-Antimicrobial Agents
by Sohaib Danyaal | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Antibiotic resistance is increasing along with the increasing use of antibiotic for the treatment of infectious diseases. The in-vitro study was designed to observe the reversal of
antibiotics resistance in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by non-antimicrobial
agents.
One hundred pus samples were processed for isolation and identification of MRSA.
Out of 100, 37 (37%) islotes were Gram +ve cocci, from these 37 isolates 34 (92%) turn red
colour of mannitol salt media to yellow and 23 (62%) gave +ve catalase and coagulase. In
this study Antibiotic Sensitivity Test was performed on pure culture of MRSA strain by
applying disc diffusion method. Out of 23 pure MRSA isolate, 100% isolates were
methacillin resistant, 79% isolates were co-amoxiclav resistant, 30% isolates were
meropenum resistant, 8% isolates were vancomycin resistant, 26% isoltes were moxifloxacin
resistant and 39% isolates were linezolid resistant. Reversal of antibiotics resistance was
observed by MIC or serial dilution method, using non antibiotic agents like Amiloride,
Lansoprazole and Promethazine, Concentrations of non-antibiotic agents 1024ìg, 512ìg,
256ìg, 128ug, 64ìg and 32ìg were used in combination of antibiotics to reverse the
antibiotics resistance in MRSA. These non antibiotic agents may cause the alteration in
mechanisms by which microorganism develop resistance. The collected data analyzed by
applying analysis of variance (ANOVA) through SPSS 16.0 computer software. Now we would be
able to treat some lethal infection caused by MRSA, and help to increase patient compliance
and decrease the cost of therapy.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1828,T] (1).
35.
Role Of Non-Antimicrobial Agents In Reversal Of Antibiotic Resistance In Escherichia Coli
by Kalim Ullah | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Prof. Dr. Aftab.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1839,T] (1).
36.
Identification Of Multiple Drug Resistant (Mrd) Mastitis Causing Bacteria In Dairy Goats
by Muhammad Faisal najees | Dr. Aftab ahmad anjum | Prof. Dr. mansur-ud-Din ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1852,T] (1).
37.
Isolation And Molecular Characteracterization Of Staphylococcus Aureus From Raw Milk
by Ibrar hussain | Prof. Dr. Muhammad ayaz | Dr. Imran javed | Prof. Dr. Aftab ahmad anjum.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1853,T] (1).
38.
Genetic And Evolutionary Characterization Of Pakistani Pigeons And Parrots Through Mitochondrial D-
by Sehrish firyal | Dr. Ali raza awan | Prof, Dr. Aftab | Prof, Dr. Tahir yaqub.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1873,T] (1).
39.
Isolation Characterization And Growth Optimization Of Starch Hydrolyzing Fungi From Soil Of Livestock Farms
by Saba Sana | Prof. Dr. Aftab ahmad anjum | Dr. Muhammad Nawaz | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1898,T] (1).
40.
Plasmid Mediated Analyses And Plasmid Curing Of Previously Isolatedmulti-Drug Resistant Eschetichia Coli From Retail
by Mawra gohar | Dr. Ali ahmad sheikh | Dr.Tanveer | Prof, Dr. Aftab ahmad anjum.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1923,T] (1).
41.
Genotoxic Mutagenic And Cytotoxic Potential Of Metformin And Celecoxib Alone And In Combination
by Asad ullah | Prof/ Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aqeel javeed | Prof. Dr. Aftab.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1989,T] (1).
42.
Isolation Characterization And Optimization Of Potential Probiotic Bacteria From Poultry Droopings
by Muhammad Hashim khan | Prof. Dr. Aftab ahmad anjum | Dr. Jawad nazir | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-din.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1991,T] (1).
43.
Isolation And Characterization Of Antibiotic Resistant Lactobacilli From Fermented Food Products
by Shahgull | Dr. Muhammad Nawaz | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Aftab anjum.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2002,T] (1).
44.
Cytotoxicity Mutagenicity And Genotoxicity Potential Of Carvedilol And Celecoxib Alone And In Combination
by Ali attiq | Prof.Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | DR. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. DR. Aftab.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2004,T] (1).
45.
Comparative Efficiency Of Coprological Identificatiocn With Sensitive Detection Of Cryptosporidium By PCR In Domestic and Commercial Chickens
by Hafiz fahad nazir | Dr. Nisar ahmad | Prof DR. Azhar maqbool | Prof. DR. Aftab.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2010,T] (1).
46.
Comparison Of Ameliorative Potential Of Sacccharomyces Cerevisiae And Bentonite Clay On Pathological Effects Induced By Aflatoxin in Broilers
by Muhammad Saqlain | Dr. Ishtiaq ahmad | Dr. Gulbeena saleem | Prof. dr. Aftab.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2014,T] (1).
47.
Evaluation Of Antibacterial Activity Of Macrolides In Combination With Levamisole Hc1 Against Different Pathogenic Bacteria
by Sheeza javaid | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Adil rasheed | Proff. Dr. Aftab.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2026,T] (1).
48.
In Vitro Antibacterial Activity Of Star Anise (Illicium Verum) Oil Against Common Food Borne Pathogens And Its Utilization in Cookies Preparation
by Shamim khalid | Dr. Naureen naeem | Dr. Sanaullah iqbal | Prof. Dr. Aftab.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2033,T] (1).
49.
Phylogenetic Analysis Of Plasmodium Species In Sparrows And Domestic Chicken
by Ghanwa ahmad | Dr. Haroon Akbar | Dr. Muhammad lateef | Prof Dr. Aftab.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2075,T] (1).
50.
Detection Of Bacterial Load In Quail Meat Available In Lahore Market
by Muhammad Rameez akram | Dr. Naureen naeem | Ms. farasat rizwan | Prof. Dr. Aftab.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2078,T] (1).
